[Paper] Varieties of #Anticapitalism: A systematic study of transformation strategies in alternative economic discourses

by Querine Kommandeur, Juliette Alenda-Demoutiez, Maria Kaufmann, Ingrid Visseren-Hamakers. Published January 2025.

Abstract

"The confluence of multiple crises has prompted a growing recognition of the need for transformations. Economic systems, including patterns of consumption and production, play a key role in sustainability transformations. The notion that capitalist systems are at the root of current ecological and social crises has led to the emergence of different alternative economic discourses, that seek to address the indirect drivers of #unsustainability. In this article, we aim to contribute to moving the debate beyond critiques of capitalism by focussing on the paths of transformation towards alternatives. To this end, we analyse several alternative economic discourses in order to show the breadth of the debate, and to better understand the roles and strategies of various discourses in societal transformation. Seven discourses are included, of which Buen Vivir, Degrowth and Wellbeing Economy are analysed in-depth. This is done through a systematic analysis of literature published between 2015 and 2022, using an enhanced conceptual framework based on the works of Wright (2019) and Chertkovskaya (2022). Our analysis suggests that the discourses represent different modes of transformation, and that these differences exist both between, as well as within the different discourses. We argue that transformations cannot be achieved through single discourses, or modes of transformation. Rather, concerted efforts of different discourses aimed at addressing indirect drivers of unsustainability can provide the multi-faceted processes of societal change, in which they can support and reinforce one another through alliances and mutual learning."

Introduction

"Humans are putting ever-increasing burdens on the #environment, causing severe damage to #nature (IPBES, 2019; United Nations Agenda for Sustainable Development, 2015). This damage is operationalised through the planetary boundaries, showing how several of them have already been crossed, which increases the risk of unleashing #ecosystem changes on a global scale (IPBES, 2019; Lade et al., 2020). Besides the innumerable injustices towards non-humans that result from the destruction of nature, such processes also have severe impacts on structures that sustain human livelihoods, by impacting health and wellbeing, food security and infrastructure (IPCC, 2023; United Nations Agenda for Sustainable Development, 2015). These processes are driven by #capitalist accumulation, which relies on the continuous production of new frontiers of accumulation, often through the #exploitation of #MarginalizedCommunities and nature (Moore, 2017). These adverse impacts on nature and people disproportionately affect the most vulnerable people and systems (IPCC, 2023).

"While capitalism manifests itself in a variety of ways across time and place (Hall and Soskice, 2001), there are several fundamental aspects that lie at the heart of its problematic nature. In capitalist societies, societal wealth manifests itself as an accumulation of commodities, and production is oriented towards profit rather than societal needs. Such profits, or surpluses, are extracted and privately appropriated for further expansion, forming the main force of growth. As such processes rely on the continued exploitation of labour and nature, inequality is not an outcome but the foundation of capitalist structures (Brand et al., 2021; Chertkovskaya and Paulsson, 2021; Moore, 2017). The continued inability to decouple environmental degradation from economic growth has made capitalism increasingly questionable in terms of its desirability and sustainability (Parrique et al., 2019). Such capitalist structures, both material, institutional, and discursive, are entrenched in societies, including institutions and governance mechanisms such as nation states and international political regimes, and are underpinned by societal values such as the appropriation of nature and non-human animals as resources to be exploited for human benefit (Brand et al., 2021; IPBES, 2019).
This confluence of multiple crises has prompted a growing recognition of the need for transformations. Since the 2015 inception of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the term “transformation” has gained broad usage among policymakers, academics, activists, and others, resulting in diverse interpretations and literatures. Transformations imply “...changes in the generic societal causes, including institutions, governance structures, developments, power relations, paradigms, goals and values” (Kok et al., 2022, p. 8). The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) defines transformative change as “a fundamental, system-wide reorganisation across technological, economic and social factors, including paradigms, goals and values” (IPBES, 2019, p. 14). Visseren-Hamakers and Kok shift the focus of this definition by replacing ‘system-wide’ with ‘society-wide’, emphasizing changes in general, societal structures (Visseren-Hamakers and Kok, 2022a, p. 8). We therefore consider capitalist structures to be the indirect drivers of unsustainability (IPBES, 2019).
The notion that capitalist systems are at the root of current ecological and social crises has led many activists, civil society groups, academics, policymakers, and politicians to seek for alternative economic approaches that focus on justice and sustainability (Charonis, 2021; Westra et al., 2017). We consider alternative economic discourses to be embedded in broader transformation discourses, as they address, to varying degrees, the indirect drivers of sustainability. While alternative economic discourses are generally strong in imagining alternatives, working towards such alternatives requires strategic efforts (Barlow et al., 2022; Visseren-Hamakers and Kok, 2022b). The main objective of this article is to elucidate how various alternative economic discourses align with and differ from each other concerning their modes and strategies of transformation as presented in the academic literature. To do this, this article builds on the work of (Wright, 2019), who conceptualises different ‘modes’ of transformation, i.e., sets of strategies that have been historically important in anti-capitalist struggles. Chertkovskaya (2022) expands on this framework to better capture the efforts of alternative economic movements. We further build upon both Wright's original conceptualisation and Chertkovskaya's additions to develop the framework further (Chertkovskaya, 2022).

"This paper contributes to the literature on #PostCapitalism and transformations by providing a comprehensive overview of different modes and strategies of transformation by focusing on the Degrowth, Buen Vivir and Wellbeing Economy discourse. In doing so, we aim to contribute to moving the debate beyond critiques of capitalism by focussing on the paths of transformation towards alternatives. Through our categorization, we facilitate a more conscious reflection on often implicit approaches to change while also revealing sensitivity to similarities and nuances within and between the discourses, showing the breadth of the debate (Sandberg and Alvesson, 2021). The selected discourses are #BuenVivir, Degrowth, #DoughnutEconomics, Economy for the #CommonGood, Foundational Economy, Social and #Solidarity Economy, and Wellbeing Economy. We first provide a brief overview of these seven alternative discourses and then proceed to an in-depth examination of the Buen Vivir, Degrowth, and Wellbeing Economy discourses."

Read more:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800924003203
#SolarPunkSunday #DeGrowth #PostCapitalism #CircularEconomy #Polycrisis #EnvironmentalRacism #HumanRights #Colonialism #CorporateColonialism

A #Solarpunk Manifesto from #TheAnarchistLibrary

"Solarpunk is a movement in speculative fiction, art, fashion, and activism that seeks to answer and embody the question 'what does a sustainable civilization look like, and how can we get there?'

"The aesthetics of solarpunk merge the practical with the beautiful, the well-designed with the green and lush, the bright and colorful with the earthy and solid.

"Solarpunk can be utopian, just optimistic, or concerned with the struggles en route to a better world , but never dystopian. As our world roils with calamity, we need solutions, not only warnings.

Solutions to thrive without fossil fuels, to equitably manage real scarcity and share in abundance instead of supporting false scarcity and false abundance, to be kinder to each other and to the planet we share.

Solarpunk is at once a vision of the future, a thoughtful provocation, a way of living and a set of achievable proposals to get there.

1, We are solarpunks because optimism has been taken away from us and we are trying to take it back.

2. We are solarpunks because the only other options are denial or despair.

3. At its core, Solarpunk is a vision of a future that embodies the best of what humanity can achieve: a post-scarcity, post-hierarchy, post-capitalistic world where humanity sees itself as part of nature and clean energy replaces fossil fuels.

4. The “punk” in Solarpunk is about rebellion, counterculture, post-capitalism, decolonialism and enthusiasm. It is about going in a different direction than the mainstream, which is increasingly going in a scary direction.

5. Solarpunk is a movement as much as it is a genre: it is not just about the stories, it is also about how we can get there.

6. Solarpunk embraces a diversity of tactics: there is no single right way to do solarpunk. Instead, diverse communities from around the world adopt the name and the ideas, and build little nests of self-sustaining revolution.

7. Solarpunk provides a valuable new perspective, a paradigm and a vocabulary through which to describe one possible future. Instead of embracing retrofuturism, solarpunk looks completely to the future. Not an alternative future, but a possible future.

8. Our futurism is not nihilistic like cyberpunk and it avoids steampunk’s potentially quasi-reactionary tendencies: it is about ingenuity, generativity, independence, and community.

9. Solarpunk emphasizes environmental sustainability and social justice.

10. Solarpunk is about finding ways to make life more wonderful for us right now, and also for the generations that follow us.

11. Our future must involve repurposing and creating new things from what we already have. Imagine “smart cities” being junked in favor of smart citizenry.

12. Solarpunk recognizes the historical influence politics and science fiction have had on each other.

13. Solarpunk recognizes science fiction as not just entertainment but as a form of activism.

14. Solarpunk wants to counter the scenarios of a dying earth, an insuperable gap between rich and poor, and a society controlled by corporations. Not in hundreds of years, but within reach.

15. Solarpunk is about youth maker culture, local solutions, local energy grids, ways of creating autonomous functioning systems. It is about loving the world.

16. Solarpunk culture includes all cultures, religions, abilities, sexes, genders and sexual identities.

17. Solarpunk is the idea of humanity achieving a social evolution that embraces not just mere tolerance, but a more expansive compassion and acceptance.

18. The visual aesthetics of Solarpunk are open and evolving. As it stands, it is a mash-up of the following:

- 1800s age-of-sail/frontier living (but with more bicycles)

- Creative reuse of existing infrastructure (sometimes post-apocalyptic, sometimes present-weird)

- Appropriate technology

- Art Nouveau

- Hayao Miyazaki

- Jugaad-style innovation from the non-Western world

- High-tech backends with simple, elegant outputs

19. Solarpunk is set in a future built according to principles of New Urbanism or New Pedestrianism and environmental sustainability.

20. Solarpunk envisions a built environment creatively adapted for solar gain, amongst other things, using different technologies. The objective is to promote self sufficiency and living within natural limits.

21. In Solarpunk we’ve pulled back just in time to stop the slow destruction of our planet. We’ve learned to use science wisely, for the betterment of our life conditions as part of our planet. We’re no longer overlords. We’re caretakers. We’re gardeners.

22. Solarpunk:

1. is diverse

2. has room for spirituality and science to coexist

3. is beautiful

4. can happen. Now

Source:
https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/the-solarpunk-community-a-solarpunk-manifesto