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#germanium

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Claude Trudel

Projection de l’impact de l’arrêt de l’exportation de métaux critiques chinois vers les États-Unis d’Amérique, selon l’USGS
▶️ […] the researchers estimate there could be a $3.4 billion decrease in U.S. GDP if China implements a total ban on exports of gallium and germanium, minerals used in some semiconductors and other high-tech manufacturing.
usgs.gov/news/national-news-re
#Chine #USA #gallium #germanium #USGS

www.usgs.govUSGS Critical Minerals Study: Bans on Gallium and Germanium Exports Could Cost the U.S. Billions | U.S. Geological SurveyRESTON, Va. — U.S. Geological Survey researchers have developed a new model to assess how disruptions of critical mineral supplies may affect the U.S. economy. Using the model, the researchers estimate there could be a $3.4 billion decrease in U.S. GDP if China implements a total ban on exports of gallium and germanium, minerals used in some semiconductors and other high-tech manufacturing.
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Chuck Darwin

According to the International Energy Agency, demand for 🔸rare earth elements 🔸 is expected to reach 👉three to seven times current levels by 2040;
demand for other critical minerals such as 🔸lithium 🔸may 👉multiply 40-fold.

Delivering on the 2016 Paris Agreement, under which signatory nations are obligated to reduce emissions to cap the global temperature increase, would require the global mineral supply to quadruple within the same time frame. At the current rate, supply is on track to merely double.

Obtaining rare earth elements begins with obtaining source materials, which can happen, broadly, in three ways:
🔹primary extraction, or mining directly from the earth;
🔹recovery from secondary sources, such as end-of-life electronics;
🔹and extraction from unconventional sources, including industrial wastes like coal ash and waste products from mines.

But China so dominates the market—it controlled 60% of global production in 2021—that other countries are at a disadvantage.

After China announced export restrictions in 2023 on gallium, germanium, and graphite, nations scrambled to find alternative sources in anticipation of future restrictions. 

Primary extraction in the US is limited;
only one active mine, the Mountain Pass Rare Earth Mine and Processing Facility in California, produces rare earth elements domestically.
Opening new mines can take decades.
As a result, scientists and companies alike are intent on increasing access and improving sustainability by exploring secondary or unconventional sources.
#china #rareearth #secondarysources #gallium, #germanium, #graphite, #lithium
technologyreview.com/2024/01/0

MIT Technology Review · The race to produce rare earth elementsBy Mureji Fatunde
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Scientific Frontline

A team including researchers at Argonne and the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (MagLab) discovered surprising properties in a #magnetic material of iron, #germanium and #tellurium. This material is in the form of a thin sheet that is only a few to 10 #atoms in thickness. It is called a 2D #ferromagnet.
#Physics #Nanotechnology #Technology #sflorg
sflorg.com/2023/03/phy03302301

www.sflorg.comUltrasmall swirling magnetic vortices detected in iron-containing materialCould be applicable to computer memory and high-efficiency microelectronics
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