Today in Writing History May 22, 1927: Author Peter Matthiessen was born. Matthiessen was an environmental activist and a CIA officer who wrote short stories, novels and nonfiction. He’s the only writer to have won the National Book award in both nonfiction, for The Snow Leopard (1979), and in fiction, for Shadow Country (2008). His story Travelin’ Man was made into the film The Young One (1960) by Luis Bunuel. Perhaps his most famous book was, In the Spirit of Crazy Horse (1983), which tells the story of Leonard Peltier and the FBI’s war on the American Indian Movement. The former governor of South Dakota, Bill Janklow, and David Price, an FBI agent who was at the Wounded Knee assault, both sued Viking Press for libel because of statements in the book. Both lawsuits threatened to undermine free speech and further stifle indigenous rights activism. Fortunately, both lawsuits were dismissed. Peltier spent over 43 years in prison for a crime he did not commit. On January 19, 2025, the last full day of his presidency, Joe Biden commuted Peltier's life sentence to home confinement

#workingclass #LaborHistory #petermatthiessen #indigenous #LeonardPeltier #nativeamerican #aim #fbi #fiction #nonfiction #writer #author #cia #FreeSpeech #censorship @bookstadon

Today in LGBTQ History May 22, 1930: Harvey Milk, gay rights activist and San Francisco’s first openly gay city Supervisor, was born. Former supervisor Dan White assassinated him and Mayor George Moscone. White only got a couple years in jail using the infamous Twinkie defense leading to the White Night Riots in San Francisco.

Today in Labor History May 22, 1968: New York police broke through the barricades at Columbia University, busting the student occupations there. As a result, 998 were arrested and over 200 injured. Students were demanding a black studies program and an end to military recruitment and ROTC on campus. Sound familiar? However, today’s student protests are bringing back the worst of 1960s-‘70s police brutality and university intolerance for Free Speech along with McCarthy era firing, blacklisting and doxing of academics for the crime of criticizing the Israeli government, under bogus claims of antisemitism.

Today in Labor History May 22, 2002: Nearly 41 years later, a jury in Birmingham, Alabama, finally convicted former KKK member Bobby Frank Cherry of the 1963 16th Street Baptist church bombing that killed four girls.

Today in Labor History May 21, 1871: The Bloody Week, a savage orgy of repression and violence, was launched against the Paris Commune. As a result of the French government’s massacres and summary executions, 20,000 to 35,000 civilians died. 38,000 people were arrested. Prior to the repression, workers had taken over the city for 2 months, governing it from a feminist and anarcho-communist perspective, abolishing rent and child labor, and giving workers the right to take over workplaces abandoned by the owners.

During the Commune, workers took over all aspects of economic and political life. They enacted a system that included self-policing, separation of the church and state, abolition of child labor, and employee takeovers of abandoned businesses. Churches and church-run schools were shut down. The Commune lasted from March 18 through May 28, 1871. Karl Marx called it the first example of the dictatorship of the proletariat.

Louise Michel was one of the leaders of the revolution. During the Commune, she was elected head of the Montmartre Women’s Vigilance Committee. She also participated in the armed struggle against the French government. In her memoirs, Michel wrote the following about her state of mind during the commune: “In my mind I feel the soft darkness of a spring night. It is May 1871, and I see the red reflection of flames. It is Paris afire. That fire is a dawn.” She also wrote “oh, I’m a savage all right, I like the smell of gunpowder, grapeshot flying through the air, but above all, I’m devoted to the Revolution.”

Read my complete biography of Louise Michel here: https://michaeldunnauthor.com/2024/04/20/louise-michel/

Today in Music History May 21, 1904: Jazz legend and piano master Fats Waller was born. His creativity and innovations in the Harlem stride style of piano playing influenced much of the jazz that followed. During his career, he copyrighted over 400 of his compositions. He started playing piano at age six. As a teenager, he studied with the stride piano master, James P. Johnson. In 1926, he was kidnapped by Al Capone’s men and forced at gunpoint to perform for the gangster’s birthday party. In the early 1940s, he became the first African American songwriter to compose a hit Broadway musical.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSNPpssruFY

Today in Labor History May 21, 1935: Jane Addams died. Addams was a peace activist, sociologist and author. She was a co-founder of the ACLU and a leader in the history of social work and women’s suffrage. In 1931, she became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1889, along with her lover, Ellen Gates Starr, she co-founded Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago. Eventually, the house became home to 25 women and was visited weekly by around 2,000 others. It became a center for research, study and debate. Members were bound by their commitment to the labor and suffrage movements. The facilities included a doctor to provide medical treatment for poor families, gym, adult night school and a girls’ club. The adult night school became a model for the continuing education classes that occur today.

#workingclass #LaborHistory #JaneAddams #nobelprize #feminism #lgbtq #peace #author #writer #books #aclu #hullhouse @bookstadon

Today in Labor History May 21, 1979: The White Night Riot occurred in San Francisco, California, the day before Harvey Milk’s birthday. On November 10, 1978, ex-cop and former city supervisor, Dan White, murdered Harvey Milk, the first openly gay elected official in California, and the popular progressive mayor, George Moscone. His murder trial concluded on May 21. The jury found him guilty of voluntary manslaughter. However, the prosecutor had asked for a finding of first-degree murder. It was, after all, premeditated. This verdict was likely influenced by the absurd Twinkie Defense, in which his lawyer argued that it could not have been premeditated due to his diminished capacity and depression, a symptom of which was his recent shift from a healthy diet to a junk food diet. A similar defense had failed repeatedly to get students excused from exams and school detentions.

Needless to say, the public was outraged. However, there had been decades of police harassment and physical abuse of San Francisco’s LGBTQ community lead up to this miscarriage of justice. Tensions were already high. And this ruling, which virtually absolved White of his homophobic crime, was the torch to the powder keg. Things began with a peaceful march through the Castro district. But when the crowd arrived at City Hall, violence began. People attacked the windows of City Hall. When the cops tried to protect the building, people hurled rocks and bottles at them, forcing them to run inside. Where ever the cops showed up, people threw rocks at them. At least a dozen cop cars were torched. They busted windows in the financial district and in government buildings.

Many people were injured. The riot caused hundreds of thousands of dollars-worth of property damage to City Hall. And when the riot was finally subdued, the cops made a retaliatory raid on the Elephant Bar, in the Castro District. Cops in riot gear beat patrons. They arrested 24 people.

Furthermore, the double assassination of Moscone and Milk dramatically altered the political landscape of San Francisco. Under Moscone and Milk, the city was moving in a progressive, pro-neighborhood direction. With the new mayor, Diane Feinstein, city politics returned to the traditional, conservative, pro-Chamber of Commerce, law and order framework that had preceded Moscone and Milk, and the followed after them to this day.

Earning a six-figure salary as a single person without dependents is considered “low income” in five counties — all in Northern California. Plus, another few in southern California where over $90k per year is low income.

Santa Clara County, home to silicon valley, is the worst, with $111,000 being low income for a single person. Yet, only 5 years ago, $78,550 was low income there.

https://www.hcd.ca.gov/sites/default/files/docs/grants-and-funding/income-limits-2025.pdf?utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=WhatMatters&utm_source=31&utm_source=ActiveCampaign&utm_medium=email&utm_content=%24100K%20is%20%20low%20income%20%20in%20even%20more%20CA%20counties&utm_campaign=WhatMatters

Today in Labor History May 20, 1911: Anarchist Magonistas published a proclamation calling for the peasants to take collective possession of the land in Baja California. They had already defeated government forces there. Members of the IWW traveled south to help them. During their short revolution, they encouraged the people to take collective possession of the lands. They also supported the creation of cooperatives and opposed the establishment of any new government. Ricardo Flores Magon organized the rebellion from Los Angeles, where he lived. In addition to Tijuana, they also took the cities of Ensenada and Mexicali. However, in the end, the forces of Madero suppressed the uprising. LAPD arrested Magon and his brother Enrique. As a result, both spend nearly two years in prison. Many of the IWW members who fought in the rebellion, later participated in the San Diego free speech fight. Lowell Blaisdell writes about it in his now hard to find book, “The Desert Revolution,” (1962). Read my article on the San Diego Free Speech fight here: https://michaeldunnauthor.com/2022/02/01/today-in-labor-history-february-1/

#workingclass #LaborHistory #IWW #anarchism #magon #mexico #revolution #bajacalifornia #freespeech #sandiego #tijuana #books #author #writer #nonfiction #police #rebellion @bookstadon

Today in Labor History May 20, 1956: In Operation Redwing, the U.S. dropped the first airborne hydrogen bomb over the Bikini Atoll. From May to July, the U.S. detonated 17 nuclear devices in the Bikini and Enewetak atolls. They tested both thermonuclear and fission weapons. They cynically named each of the tests after a different Native American tribe, and then, in the following years, went on to devastate indigenous lands within the U.S. mainland through nuclear mining, testing and waste storage.

Between 1946 and 1958, the U.S. detonated 67 nuclear devices in the Marshall Islands. According to anthropologist Holly Barker, it was the equivalent of 1.6 Hiroshima-sized bombs dropped on the islands every day for 12 years. As a result of these tests, the U.S. completely vaporized three of the Bikini Islands and polluted huge swaths of water and land, poisoning countless indigenous people there. Many starved to death because they were relocated to places that couldn’t produce enough food. Each resident now receives a paltry $550 annually from the U.S. government to cover medical treatment related to radiation poisoning.

Today in Labor History May 20, 1971: The Chuknagar massacre occurred when Pakistani forces slaughtered thousands of Bengali Hindus. It was one of the largest massacres of the Bangladesh Liberation War. Many people drowned in the river as they fled the gunfire. As a result, an estimated 8,000 to 10,000 people died.

Today in Labor History May 16, 1862: President Lincoln signed the Homestead Act. As a result, 84 million acres of public (i.e., Indigenous) lands were opened to settlers. Any citizen who had never taken up arms against the U.S. (i.e., northerners), including women and freed slaves, could file for a federal land grant. Consequently, great swaths of Native American land and natural resources were usurped by settlers. Additionally, much of the land was acquired by businesses, not individual citizens. For example, most of the rainforest west of Portland, Oregon was acquired by the Oregon Lumber Company through illegal claims under the act.

Today in Labor History May 19, 2018: William Burrus, president of the 360,000-member American Postal Workers Union from 2001-2010, died at age 81. He was the first African-American to be elected president of a national union by direct member voting. Burrus was born in West Virginia. After serving in the U.S. Army, he moved to Cleveland, where he worked sorting mail and joined the union. He helped the local coordination of the national postal strike of 1970. As a result of that strike, postal workers won collective bargaining rights. He served as president of the Cleveland Local of the APWU from 1974 to 1980. He became president of the national union in 2001.

Today in Labor History May 19, 1989: Trinidadian Marxist historian and journalist C.L.R. James died. James was the author of The Black Jacobins (1938), Breaking a Boundary (1963), numerous articles and essays on class and race antagonism, West Indian self-determination, cricket, Marxism, & aesthetics. In 1933, he published the pamphlet The Case for West-Indian Self Government. He was a champion of Pan-Africanism and a member of the Friends of Ethiopia, an organization opposed to fascism and the Italian conquest of Ethiopia. He also wrote a play about the Haitian Revolution, Toussaint L’Ouverture, the Story of the Only Successful Slave Revolt in History. Paul Robeson starred in the 1936 British production.

#workingclass #LaborHistory #CLRJames #marxism #trinidad #westindies #haiti #revolution #history #books #author #writing #BlackMastadon @bookstadon

Today in Labor History May 19, 1950: 31 dockworkers died and 350 were injured when four barges carrying 420 tons of ammunition blew up at South Amboy, New Jersey. The blast destroyed nearby businesses and homes and caused $10 million in property damage. The men were loading anti-tank and anti-personnel mines destined for Pakistan and Afghanistan. Three years later, they unearthed sixty-two live mines scattered throughout the waterfront area. Kilgore Manufacturing Company was later charged with 9,000 counts of munitions violations. The indictment documents weighed thirty pounds. The Coast Guard was also cited with negligence in supervising the loading.

Today in Labor History May 19, 1850: Four thousand Mexican and Peruvian workers gathered in Sonora, California, to protest the "Foreign Miners' Tax," enacted to drive them from gold fields. 500 armed vigilantes (mostly tax collectors and Anglo miners), chased them off by firing into the crowd. The tax was imposed during the height of the 1849 Gold Rush, and in the wake of the Mexican-American War (1848), in which the U.S. seized California from Mexico. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Feb 1848) gave U.S. citizenship to Mexican nationals who were living in California at the time the treaty was signed. However, the U.S. denied citizenship to Indigenous Peoples until the 1930s, even if they had also been Mexican nationals prior to the war. Meanwhile, English, Irish, and German immigrants protested the new tax and got it amended to exempt any miner who was a “free white person.” The effects of the tax, and the racist violence that accompanied it, was to drive large numbers of Latin American and Chinese miners from the gold fields. This exodus, in turn, caused a sharp drop in rents and commerce for the landlords and store owners who catered to the miners. They lobbied for repealing the tax, and were successful in 1851.

Today in Labor History May 18, 1980: Koreans rose up in Gwangju against the repressive U.S.-supported government. The uprising lasted from May 18 to May 27. According to official reports, 165 civilians were killed and 3,515 were injured in the uprising. 37 soldiers and 4 cops were killed and 253 were injured. Another 14 soldiers died from “friendly” fire. However, Gwangju’s death records for May of 1980 were 2,300 above normal. Many believe the actual death toll from the uprising is closer to 2,000. In addition to the casualties from the uprising, nearly 1,400 people were arrested and 7 were given death sentences. 12 were sentenced to life in prison.

The background for the uprising is complex. However, the country had been living under the 18-year dictatorship of Park Chun-hee, who was assassinated on October 26, 1979. A series of pro-democracy demonstrations developed in the wake of his death. But on December 12, Chun Doo-hwan led a military coup in order to quell the protests. He did not officially take over as “president” until after the Gwangju Uprising. But he was acting as the de facto ruler and the country was still under martial law from the coup.

In March, protests picked up again. People wanted democratization, human rights, minimum wage increases, freedom of the press, and an end to martial law. On May 15, 100,000 people demonstrated at Seoul Station. Chun Doo-hwan responded by extending martial law to the entire nation, closing the universities, banning all political activities and further curtailing the press. Furthermore, he dispatched troops throughout the country to suppress any potential demonstrations.

On May 18, students demonstrated at Chonnam University in defiance of its closing. At first, there were only 30 paratroopers and hundreds of students. They started to clash. By afternoon, at least 2,000 people had joined the protest. The government sent in hundreds of troops. Soldiers started to club demonstrators and onlookers. They attacked with bayonets and raped people, and they beat a deaf man to death. Outraged, the number of protesters swelled to over 10,000. Street battles continued for days, climaxing on May 21, when soldiers fired into a crowd of protesters. In response, citizens took up arms by robbing local armories and police stations, arming themselves with M1 rifles and carbines. By afternoon, there were bloody gunfights between ad hoc civilian militias and the army. By 5:30, the citizens militias had obtained two machine guns and used them, forcing the army to retreat.

The troops retreated to the suburbs to await reinforcements. However, they also blocked all routes and communications leading into and out of the city. Meanwhile, inside of Liberated Gwangju, the Citizens’ Settlement Committee negotiated with the army, demanding the release of arrested citizens, compensation for the victims, and a prohibition of retaliation in exchange for disarming themselves. The army demanded immediate surrender and some in the committee were willing to give it to them. But those who wanted to resist until their demands were met took control of the committee.

On May 27, at 4 am, troops from five divisions moved on the protesters and defeated the civilian militias within 90 minutes.

Today in Labor History May 18, 1979: An Oklahoma jury ruled in favor of the estate of atomic worker Karen Silkwood. Kerr-McGee Nuclear Company was ordered to pay $505,000 in actual damages and $10 million in punitive damages for negligence leading to Silkwood’s plutonium contamination. On appeal, the court reduced the settlement to a pitiful $5,000, the estimated value of her property losses. In 1984, the Supreme Court restored the original verdict, but Kerr-McGee again threatened to appeal. Ultimately, Silkwood’s family settled out of court for $1.38 million and the company never had to admit any wrongdoing.

Silkwood first started working at Kerr-McGee in 1972. She joined the Oil, Chemical & Atomic Workers union and participated in a strike. After the strike, her comrades elected her to the union’s bargaining committee. She was the first woman to attain that status at Kerr-McGee. In this role, one of her duties was to investigate health and safety issues. Not surprisingly, she discovered numerous violations, including exposure of workers to contamination. The union accused Kerr-McGee of falsifying inspection records, manufacturing faulty fuel rods and other safety violations. After testifying to the Atomic Energy Commission, Silkwood discovered that her own body and home were contaminated with radiation. Her body contained 400 times the legal limit for plutonium contamination and she was expelling contaminated air from her lungs. Her house was so contaminated they had to destroy much of her personal property.

Later, she decided to go public with documentation proving the company’s negligence. She left a meeting with union officials in order to meet a New York Times journalist. She brought a binder and packet of documents supporting her allegations with her. However, she never made it, dying in a suspicious car crash. The documents were never found. Some journalists believe she was rammed from behind by another vehicle. Investigators noted damage to the read of her car that would be consistent with this hypothesis. She had also received death threats shortly before her death. However, no one has yet substantiated the claims of foul play.

Today in Labor History May 18, 1928: Big Bill Haywood died in exile in the Soviet Union. He was a founding member and leader of both the Western Federation of Miners and the IWW (the Wobblies). During the first two decades of the 20th century, he participated in the Colorado Labor Wars and the textiles strikes in Lawrence and Patterson. The Pinkertons tried, but failed, to bust him for the murder of former Idaho governor Frank Steunenberg. However, in 1918, the feds used the Espionage Act to convict him, and 101 other Wobblies, for their anti-war activity. As a result, they sentenced him to twenty years in prison. But instead of serving the time, he fled to the Soviet Union, damaging his image as a hero among the Wobblies. He ultimately died from a stroke related to his alcoholism and diabetes. Half his ashes were buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis. The other half of his ashes were sent to Chicago and buried near the Haymarket Martyrs’ Monument.

You can read my full article on union busting by the Pinkertons here: https://michaeldunnauthor.com/2024/04/04/union-busting-by-the-pinkertons/