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Early Modern Diplomacy<a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@histodons</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@historikerinnen</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@earlymodern</a> The role of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/peacecongresses" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#peacecongresses</a> in these processes of exchange was tackled twice: <a href="https://historians.social/@LenaOetzel" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@LenaOetzel</a> focused on the congress of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Westphalia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Westphalia</a>, while Michael Brauer from Salzburg University looked at the congress of Vienna (1815). Lena argued that the peace congress didn’t function as a special hub for the exchange of goods between the Austrian and the Spanish Habsburgs; they had their permanent ambassadors at the courts that dealt with this kind of exchange. But nonetheless the peace congress was a place of exchange, especially of food. For the Imperial estates the congress offered an unusual opportunity to get into contact to the greater European powers. Among others there did this by offering gifts, especially food. The count of Oldenburg e.g. gave away huge amounts of meat and fish and other delicacies in order to enhance his interests. (5/)<a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#emdiplomacy</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/foodHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#foodHistory</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/culinaryDiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#culinaryDiplomacy</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/congressDiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#congressDiplomacy</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/HolyRomanEmpire" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#HolyRomanEmpire</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/ImperialEstates" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#ImperialEstates</a>

Early Modern Diplomacy<a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@histodons</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@historikerinnen</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@earlymodern</a> Braun & Bechtold stress that diets were a diplomatic sphere sui generis, especially with regard to the ceremonial, that differed not only from courtly <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/diplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#diplomacy</a> but also from <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomcy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#emdiplomcy</a> at <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/peacecongresses" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#peacecongresses</a>, although both of course were points of references. Furthermore, they ask for more comparative studies that compare the Imperial diet in its different forms as diplomatic spheres and places of international interaction with other assemblies of the estates, such as the Swiss Tagsatzung or the Polish Sjem. Only the, can we understand the characteristics of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#emdiplomacy</a> at assemblies of the estates. (7/7) <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/HRE" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#HRE</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/HRR" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#HRR</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlymodernDiet" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#earlymodernDiet</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/PerpetualDiet" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PerpetualDiet</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlymodernEstates" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#earlymodernEstates</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/EarlyModernEurope" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#EarlyModernEurope</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#emdiplomacy</a>

Early Modern Diplomacy<a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@histodons</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@historikerinnen</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@earlymodern</a> Bechtold is writing his PhD thesis on English diplomats at Imperial diets in the 16th cent. Braun is professor for modern history in Mulhouse. He published extensively on <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#emdiplomacy</a> and <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/peacemaking" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#peacemaking</a>. He also edited a volume of the French correspondences from the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/WestphalianPeaceCongress" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#WestphalianPeaceCongress</a> for the APW. More recently, his attention turned from <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlymodern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#earlymodern</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/peacecongresses" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#peacecongresses</a> to the perpetual Imperial diet. So, who could be better than these two to write the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/handbook" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#handbook</a> article on diets al diplomatic spheres! (3/7) <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/HRR" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#HRR</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/PerpetualDiet" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PerpetualDiet</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlymodernDiet" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#earlymodernDiet</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlymodern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#earlymodern</a>

Early Modern Diplomacy<a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@earlymodern</a> <a href="https://historians.social/@womenknowhistory" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@womenknowhistory</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@historikerinnen</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@histodons</a> Generally, the function of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/peacecongresses" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#peacecongresses</a> changed over time. At first, their main purpose was to negotiate a peace. Later they became more a place where a peace agreement was proclaimed, represented and celebrate, while the main negotiations took place elsewhere at the courts. In the second half of the 18th century their purpose changed, too: The should no make peace, but prevent a new conflict. Of course, these different functions often overlapped. (5/6)<a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#emdiplomacy</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/diplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#diplomacy</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/peacemaking" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#peacemaking</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/HistoricalPeaceResearch" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#HistoricalPeaceResearch</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/peace" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#peace</a>

Early Modern Diplomacy<a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@earlymodern</a> <a href="https://historians.social/@womenknowhistory" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@womenknowhistory</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@historikerinnen</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@histodons</a> She sees two reasons for this: the temporality of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlymodern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#earlymodern</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/peacecongresses" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#peacecongresses</a> (<a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/negotiations" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#negotiations</a> could last between a few weeks & years) & the lack of a centre, which at courts was the prince, so that procedures, ceremonies etc had to be agreed upon anew for each congress. This is one of the reasons why especially the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/WestphalianPeaceCongress" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#WestphalianPeaceCongress</a> took so long. There was no generally accepted precedence, thus one had first to negotiate how to negotiate. For the later congresses it was a bit easier, here <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Westphalia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Westphalia</a> was used as an example – however, not always as a positive one, but also, as a way how not to do it. (4/6) <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#emdiplomacy</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/diplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#diplomacy</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/peacemaking" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#peacemaking</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/peace" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#peace</a>

Early Modern Diplomacy<a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@earlymodern</a> <a href="https://historians.social/@womenknowhistory" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@womenknowhistory</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@historikerinnen</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@histodons</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Peacecongresses" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Peacecongresses</a> are a phenomenon that developed strongly in the 17th century and their function changed over time. However, research still focuses mainly on the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/WestphalianPeaceCongress" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#WestphalianPeaceCongress</a>, which overshadows all others until the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Congress" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Congress</a> of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Vienna" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Vienna</a> in 1815. So far, <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/congresses" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#congresses</a> as spheres of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#emdiplomacy</a> have received little attention in research. Oetzel argues that they differed in many ways from other <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/diplomatic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#diplomatic</a> activities which were usually carried out in a courtly environment. (3/6)

Early Modern Diplomacy22 Lena Oetzel: A Diplomatic Sphere of Its Own: Early Modern Peace Congresses <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110672008-024" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110672008-024</a> (1/6)<a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@earlymodern</a> <a href="https://historians.social/@womenknowhistory" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@womenknowhistory</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@historikerinnen</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@histodons</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#emdiplomacy</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlymodern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#earlymodern</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/peacecongresses" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#peacecongresses</a>

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