personally<p>Hip Hop Samples Jazz: Dynamics of Cultural Memo y and Musical Tradition in the African American 1990s</p><p>The critical attempt to historicize hip hop dates at least to David Toop’s 1984 "Rap Attack: African Griots to New York Jive", a book written with journalistic immediacy and yet, as its subtitle suggests, one that situates rap reportage in the black musical "longue durée" but it wasn’t until the mid- 1990s that efforts toward an academic hip hop scholarship began in earnest, and it was then that ideas about the music’s methods and meanings as rooted in the black musical past became common currency. This view wasn’t surprising: a neat and untroubled line could be traced from the classic African American toasts to rap, and the use of digital sampling, whereby hip hop producers constructed their work from (black) music’s recorded back catalog, was equally suggestive for historically minded observers. This sampling practice, and its “historical” interpretation, form the central subject of this article.<br>Certainly, hip hop’s early scholars differed in their reasoning as to what the form’s use of old records meant for black music and history. Some positioned the practice as part of a linear, cultural-national tradition, sometimes shaded with essentialism. William Eric Perkins claimed, with totalizing confidence, that “sampling was and is hip hop’s ongoing link with history and tradition, including all of the African and African American musical genres.” a more modulated Kyra D. Gaunt contended that hip hop’s sampling was “the perfect medium for expressing the temporal culture-scape of who we are, and how we became, across time.” </p><p><a href="https://doi.org/10.5406/americanmusic.29.3.0277" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="ellipsis">doi.org/10.5406/americanmusic.</span><span class="invisible">29.3.0277</span></a></p><p><a href="https://c.im/tags/hiphop" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>hiphop</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/jazz" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>jazz</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/culturalmemory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>culturalmemory</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/musicaltradition" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>musicaltradition</span></a> <a 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